June 25, 2025

On July 18, 2015, the JCPoA was signed between Iran and the five permanent members of the UN Security Council and Germany. The intention to engage Iran had already been made clear by President Obama in his landmark Cairo speech on June 4, 2009, when he had said, “In the middle of the Cold War, the United States played a role in the overthrow of a democratically elected Iranian government. This history is well known.” He was referring to the 1953 overthrow of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddeq by a coup engineered by the US and the UK.